History of Portugal
Portugal, located on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe, has a rich history that spans more than a millennium. Prehistoric…
Portugal, located on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe, has a rich history that spans more than a millennium.
Prehistoric and Ancient Times
Prehistoric Settlements: The region now known as Portugal has been inhabited since prehistoric times. Various megalithic monuments and artifacts attest to early human presence.
Celtic and Iberian Tribes: By the first millennium BC, Celtic and Iberian tribes populated the area, establishing settlements and cultures.
Roman Rule: The Romans began their conquest of the Iberian Peninsula in the 3rd century BC. By the 1st century AD, the region was fully integrated into the Roman Empire as the province of Lusitania, contributing to the spread of Roman culture, language, and infrastructure.
Early Medieval Period
Visigothic Kingdom: Following the fall of the Roman Empire, the Visigoths established control over the Iberian Peninsula, including the territory of present-day Portugal.
Moorish Invasion: In the early 8th century, the Moors (Muslim Arabs and Berbers) invaded and conquered most of the Iberian Peninsula, including Portugal, bringing Islamic culture, architecture, and agricultural advancements.
Formation of Portugal
County of Portugal: In the late 9th century, the region became part of the Christian Reconquista efforts to reclaim Iberian territories from the Moors. The County of Portugal was established in the 12th century as a vassal state of the Kingdom of León.
Independence: In 1139, Count Afonso Henriques declared himself King Afonso I of Portugal after a victorious battle against the Moors. In 1143, Portugal was officially recognized as an independent kingdom by the Kingdom of León and later by the Pope in 1179.
Age of Exploration
15th and 16th Centuries: Portugal became a leading maritime power during the Age of Exploration. Prince Henry the Navigator sponsored numerous expeditions along the African coast, leading to the discovery of new lands and sea routes.
Vasco da Gama and India: In 1498, Vasco da Gama reached India by sea, establishing a direct trade route that boosted Portugal’s wealth and influence. The Portuguese Empire expanded to include territories in Africa, Asia, and South America, including Brazil.
Dynastic Changes and Union with Spain
1580-1640: Following the death of King Sebastian in 1578 and a subsequent dynastic crisis, Portugal entered a period of personal union with Spain under the Iberian Union. This period ended in 1640 when Portugal regained its independence through a successful revolution and the establishment of the Braganza dynasty.
18th and 19th Centuries
Economic Growth and Challenges: The 18th century saw economic growth due to gold and diamond discoveries in Brazil, but also faced natural disasters like the 1755 Lisbon earthquake.
Napoleonic Wars: In the early 19th century, Portugal was invaded by Napoleonic forces, leading to the Portuguese royal family’s relocation to Brazil. After the defeat of Napoleon, the monarchy returned to Portugal.
Modern History
Liberal and Republican Movements: The 19th century was marked by political instability, with conflicts between liberals and absolutists. In 1910, a revolution led to the establishment of the Portuguese First Republic.
Estado Novo: In 1926, a military coup led to the establishment of a dictatorial regime known as the Estado Novo under António de Oliveira Salazar. This regime lasted until 1974.
Carnation Revolution: On April 25, 1974, a peaceful military coup known as the Carnation Revolution overthrew the Estado Novo, leading to the establishment of a democratic government and decolonization of Portuguese territories in Africa.
Contemporary Portugal
European Integration: In the late 20th century, Portugal transitioned to a stable democracy and became a member of the European Union in 1986. The country has since experienced significant economic and social development.
21st Century: Portugal continues to face challenges such as economic fluctuations and political changes but remains a vibrant and influential member of the international community.
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