Baruch Spinoza
Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677), also known as Benedictus de Spinoza, was a Dutch philosopher of Sephardic Jewish descent who is considered…
Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677), also known as Benedictus de Spinoza, was a Dutch philosopher of Sephardic Jewish descent who is considered…
Adam Smith (1723–1790) was a Scottish economist, philosopher, and one of the most influential figures in the history of economic…
Montesquieu (full name Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu; 1689–1755) was a highly influential French philosopher,…
Michel Foucault (1926–1984) was a French philosopher, historian, and social theorist known for his profound influence on a wide range…
John Wilkins (1614–1672) was an influential English clergyman, natural philosopher, and founding member of the Royal Society. He is best…
Edmund Husserl (1859–1938) was a German philosopher and the founder of phenomenology, a philosophical movement that profoundly influenced 20th-century thought….
Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855) was a Danish philosopher, theologian, and cultural critic, widely regarded as the father of existentialism, a philosophical…
Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274) was an influential Italian Dominican friar, Catholic priest, and one of the greatest theologians and philosophers of…
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831) was a German philosopher and one of the most influential figures in Western philosophy, particularly…
John Locke (1632–1704) was a highly influential English philosopher and political thinker whose ideas had a profound impact on modern…
Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889–1951) was an Austrian-born philosopher who is widely regarded as one of the most influential philosophers of the…
Parmenides of Elea (c. 515 – 450 BCE) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher and one of the most significant figures…
Martin Heidegger (1889–1976) was one of the most influential and controversial philosophers of the 20th century, known for his profound…
David Hume (1711–1776) was a Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist, widely regarded as one of the most important figures…
Avicenna (c. 980–1037 CE), also known as Ibn Sina in the Islamic world, was one of the most significant figures…
Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900) was a German philosopher, cultural critic, poet, and philologist whose work had a profound influence on Western…
René Descartes (1596–1650) was a French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist who is often regarded as one of the founders of…
Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) was a German philosopher who is widely regarded as one of the most important figures in Western…
Laozi, also spelled Lao Tzu or Lao-Tze, is a legendary Chinese philosopher and the reputed author of the Tao Te…
Empedocles (c. 490–430 BCE) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher and poet from the city of Akragas (modern Agrigento) in Sicily….
Heraclitus of Ephesus (c. 535 – c. 475 BCE) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher known for his profound and enigmatic…
Democritus (c. 460 – c. 370 BCE) was an ancient Greek philosopher who is best known for his development of…
Confucius (551–479 BCE) was a Chinese philosopher, teacher, and political theorist whose ideas have deeply influenced Chinese culture and East…
Epicurus (341–270 BCE) was an ancient Greek philosopher who founded the school of philosophy known as Epicureanism. His teachings focused…
Aristotle (384–322 BCE) was an ancient Greek philosopher and polymath, whose influence on Western thought is immense. He made foundational…
The Seven Sages of Greece were a group of early 6th-century BCE philosophers, statesmen, and lawgivers who were renowned in…
Marcus Aurelius (April 26, 121 CE – March 17, 180 CE) was a Roman Emperor from 161 to 180 CE…
Democritus (c. 460 – c. 370 BC)Heraclitus (c. 535 – c. 475 BC)Parmenides of Elea (c. 515 – 450 BCE)Xenophanes…
Plato (c. 428/427–348/347 BCE) was a classical Greek philosopher who, along with his teacher Socrates and his student Aristotle, laid…
The ideology of Aryan racial superiority is a belief system that emerged in the 19th and 20th centuries, asserting that…
Karl Marx was a 19th-century philosopher, economist, historian, political theorist, sociologist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. His work has had a…
Xenophanes of Colophon (circa 570–475 BCE) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, poet, and social critic known for his critique of…
Anaximenes of Miletus (circa 586 – 526 BCE) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher and a prominent figure in the Milesian…
Pythagoras of Samos (circa 570 – 495 BCE) was an ancient Greek philosopher and mathematician who made significant contributions to…
Anaximander of Miletus (circa 610 – 546 BCE) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher and a prominent figure in the Milesian…
Thales of Miletus (circa 624/623 – 548/545 BCE) is widely regarded as one of the first philosophers in Western history…
Socrates (470/469 – 399 BCE) was a classical Greek philosopher credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy. Despite…